Mice brains in the EAE group (Fig. average behavioral score in EAE mice and showed only mild histological alterations and preservation of myelin sheath, with rhMBP NPs showing increased protection. Moreover, analysis of inflammatory cytokines (IFN- and IL-10) in mice brains revealed that pretreatment with free or rhMBP NPs significantly protected against induced inflammation. In conclusion: i) rhMBP ameliorated EAE symptoms in EAE animal model, ii) nanoformulation significantly enhanced efficacy of rhMBP as a therapeutic vaccine and iii) clinical investigations are required to demonstrate the activity of rhMBP NPs as a therapeutic vaccine for MS. Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune neurodegenerative disease characterized by Nalfurafine hydrochloride inflammatory lesions and demyelination in the central nervous system (CNS)1. Patients with this disease suffer from several disabilities like memory dysfunction, cognitive deficit and movement disorders2. Approved drugs for treatment of MS that non-specifically inhibit the immune system are often associated with serious side effects. On the other hand, targeting pathogenic T-cell response offers a better opportunity to treat the disease3,4. Several peptide-based therapeutics that are able to restore immunological tolerance; termed as therapeutic vaccines have been reported and some of them are under clinical trials4,5,6. Although the last decade witnessed major breakthroughs Nalfurafine hydrochloride in development of new therapies for MS, a systematic review to evaluate their efficacy revealed widely variable Nalfurafine hydrochloride efficacy among currently available therapies7. Various therapies are under study in phase II or III clinical trials, and some have quite promising effects on clinical and motor disruptions associated with MS in early phases. Amiloride, high dose erythropoietin, MIS416 (a myeloid-directed microparticle immune response modifier derived from release study The release study (Fig. 3A) showed that HSA was released from NPs in a biphasic pattern. The first stage showed an initial burst release, whereas the second stage exhibited a slower release profile. The biphasic release pattern of HSA from PCL NPs could be explained as follows: the first stage of initial burst release occurred because of the immediate release of the small amount of HSA adsorbed on the surface of NPs. The second stage exhibited a slower release profile due to diffusion of HSA from PCL polymer matrix after erosion of NPs. Almost 10% of HSA was released from all NPs during the first 6?h except F5 & F7 where nearly 35% WNT-12 of HSA was released after the same time interval. The afore mentioned formulations exhibited fast protein release compared to the other NPs as 91.2??2.5% (F5) and 75.6??2.1% (F7) of HSA was released after 3 days, respectively. The fast release of HSA from F5 was ascribed to the use of low MW and fully hydrolyzed grade of PVA as a surfactant in formulation. Being hydrophilic, water-soluble and of low viscosity, fully hydrolyzed grades of PVA adsorbed on NPs surface weakens the resistance of PCL NPs to dissolution medium due to the presence of Nalfurafine hydrochloride Nalfurafine hydrochloride numerous vinyl alcohol units which have a high capacity for hydrogen bonding42. The fast release of HSA from F7 could be ascribed to the increased drug: polymer ratio and high EE% compared to other NP formulations, where the polymer (which hindered the protein release) decreased resulting in overall increased protein release. By increasing the amount of PCL polymer forming the NPs from 100 (F3) to 200 (F8) and to 400?mg (F9), the dissolution profile of HSA NPs subsequently decreased. This was because PCL had to degrade in the dissolution medium in order to release of HSA. With greater amounts of the polymer, the distance the protein had to travel before being released into the dissolution medium increased. Open in a separate window Figure 3 release profile of: (A) HSA protein from different NPs and (B) different proteins (HSA and rhMBP) from NPs respectively in PBS (pH 7.4) (release; thus the method used to formulate (F8) was adopted to.