He Q, Mao Q, Zhang J, Bian L, Gao F, Wang J, et al

He Q, Mao Q, Zhang J, Bian L, Gao F, Wang J, et al. significantly different (P < 0.001) from that of the control group. Conclusions: Vaccination elicits immunogenicity in the follow-up period for those age groups and at low and large doses. Therefore, people should be urged to receive vaccines currently being offered. A boost dose has been asserted for the elderly. Keywords: COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Vaccines, Immunogenicity, Coronavirus vaccine Intro Immunogenicity has emerged as a challenge in the development of vaccines against coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) 1 , 2 . Immunogenicity is definitely a determining factor in the effectiveness and security of COVID-19 vaccines 3 , 4 , 5 for combating severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Over 200 COVID-19 vaccines were in the beginning tested against SARS-CoV-2, of which only a few completed phase I and II medical tests 6 . Immunogenicity is the ability of a foreign, non-self-substance, for example, an antigen, to activate the organism's immune system and provoke an immune response. The main mechanism of action of vaccination is definitely to provoke an immune response (immunogenicity) against a Ametantrone specific antigen, for example, a virus or substance, to protect the organism from long term harm when re-exposed to the same antigen 7 . Candidate vaccines can be grouped relating to three major strategies: (1) nucleic acid-based vaccines, either ribonucleic acid (RNA-) or deoxynucleic acid (DNA-) centered vaccines; (2) whole disease vaccines, either inactivated or live vaccines; and (3) subunit vaccines 8 . The 1st strategy involves the use of nucleic acid mRNA-based vaccines. It is a novel technology that utilizes a single-stranded RNA molecule transporting the coding sequences of the COVID-19 spike protein (S-protein) encapsulated inside a lipid nanoparticle 9 , 10 . Another nucleic acid-based approach entails viral vector vaccines that exploit recombinant DNA techniques to clone the genes that encode the viral antigen S-protein. The second strategy includes whole-pathogen inactivated Ametantrone disease vaccines comprising killed or inactivated whole vial particles or fragments 11 , 12 . That appeal to researchers because of the long-term success of polio vaccination. The third strategy, subunit vaccines, does not consist of viable viral pathogen particles or any genetic material, thus enhancing safety. The subunit approach uses Mouse monoclonal to Neuropilin and tolloid-like protein 1 nanoparticles coated with the synthetic COVID-19 signature S-protein and an added adjuvant 13 , 14 . Although these vaccine systems can elicit immunogenicity with presumed Ametantrone protectiveness, Ametantrone to the best of our knowledge, no comprehensive comparative study offers tackled their immunogenicity through a meta-analysis. The vaccine that generates the highest immunogenicity has not yet been tackled. Therefore, we carried out a systematic review and meta-analysis study of published studies on available randomized controlled medical trials (RCTs). The current study aimed to conclude and characterize the immunogenicity of the current COVID-19 vaccines. Hopefully, the results of this study could be a basis for future studies to elicit more information concerning the immunogenicity Ametantrone of COVID-19 vaccines. METHODS The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Evaluations and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement guidelines 15 were followed throughout the processing stages of this study. The processing stages were performed in accordance with the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Evaluations of Interventions 16 . Eligibility Criteria Studies were included according to the following criteria: (1) studies with multiple age groups including (2) double-arm designs, (3) studies that included randomized controlled tests (RCTs), (4) studies published in English, and (5) the.

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